The chapters take the study of Bible history beyond the cloisters of medieval monasteries and ecclesiastical schools to consider the influence of biblical texts on vernacular poetry, prose, drama, law and the visual arts of East and West. Translations into Ethiopic, Slavic, Armenian and Georgian vernaculars, as well as Romance and Germanic, are treated in detail, along with the theme of allegorized spirituality and established forms of glossing. Ann Matter's volume provides a balanced treatment of eastern and western biblical traditions, highlighting processes of transmission and modes of exegesis among Roman and Orthodox Christians, Jews and Muslims and illuminating the role of the Bible in medieval inter-religious dialogue. This volume examines the development and use of the Bible from late Antiquity to the Reformation, tracing both its geographical and its intellectual journeys from its homelands throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean and into northern Europe. They demonstrate that, in spite of challenges to the Bible's authority in western Europe, it remains highly relevant and influential, not least in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. In the final chapters, the authors offer a thematic overview of the Bible in relation to literature, art, film, science, and other disciplines. The dissemination of the Bible throughout the globe has also produced a host of new interpretations, and this volume provides a comprehensive geographical survey of its reception. There is a full discussion of the changes in understandings of and approaches to the Bible in various faith communities. This volume examines the Bible's role in the modern world - beginning with a treatment of its production and distribution that discusses publishers, printers, text critics, and translators and continuing with a presentation of new methods of studying the text that have emerged, including historical, literary, social-scientific, feminist, postcolonial, liberal, and fundamentalist readings. This history examines the Bible's impact in Europe and its increasing prominence around the globe. In the Renaissance's rich explosion of ideas, Scripture played a ubiquitous role, influencing culture through its presence in philosophy, literature, and the arts. Although previous translations exist, these early modern translators, often under the influence of the Protestant Reformation, distinguished themselves in their efforts to communicate the nuances of the original texts and to address contemporary doctrinal controversies. This crucial period also saw the creation of many definitive translations of the Bible into modern European vernaculars. Albright identifies Bar-hadad with Ben-hadad I, who was a contemporary of the biblical Asa and Baasha. Earlier generations were 'brought up' with this translation and learnt many of its verses by heart. Melqart stele (9th8th century BC) William F. Its powerful, majestic style has made it a literary classic, with many of its phrases and expressions embedded in our language. It considered the theological challenges of treating Scripture as another ancient text edited with the tools of philology. The world's most widely known Bible translation, using early seventeenth-century English. During this period, for the first time since antiquity, the Latin Church focused on recovering and re-establishing the text of Scripture in its original languages.
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